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Conditions such as increased temperature and limiting nutrients seem to favor phagotrophy in mixoplankton. It can be proposed that many kleptoplasts and endosymbionts are in fact en route to becoming permanent plastids. For example, some endosymbionts are heavily modified to increase photosynthetic efficiency, or are controlled in their cell division. Endosymbiotic relations vary considerably in the extent to which hosts affect symbionts.
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In addition to kleptoplasts, the prey nucleus is also sometimes retained and actively transcribed to help maintain and even replicate the kleptoplasts. In some kleptoplastidic mixoplankton, prior gene transfers and active transcription of plastid related genes in the host can help maintain and extend retention of the current kleptoplast. Permanent plastids have been established in large due to gene transfer from prey and/or endosymbionts to the host cell. In the current review, we discuss the functional types of mixotrophic marine protists (herein mixoplankton) within the context of evolution. Mixotrophic strategies can be highly advantageous when feeding or photosynthesis alone does not sustain metabolic needs. Mixotrophy, i.e., the capability of both phototrophy and phagotrophy within a single organism, is a prominent trophic mode in aquatic ecosystems.
THE SIMPSONS SEASON 30 EPISODE 19 WCO CRACKED
Since the introduction of the national security law last year, authorities have cracked down on dissent in Hong Kong. What were the Tiananmen Square protests about? The BBC has contacted Disney for comment.Ĭhina's new law: Why is Hong Kong worried? It is not clear why the episode is missing and who made the decision not to include it on the streaming service. Mao led China through its Cultural Revolution, and a devastating famine that killed many millions of people. In another part of the episode, the Simpsons also visit the embalmed body of former Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong, whom Homer refers to as "a little angel that killed 50 million people". Other estimates have ranged from hundreds to many thousands. In June 1989, the Chinese government said 200 civilians and several dozen security personnel had died. Nobody knows for sure how many were killed. The demonstrators were calling for greater political freedom, and soldiers killed many unarmed civilians. The episode, named "Goo Goo Gai Pan", sees the cartoon family visit China.ĭuring their trip to Beijing, they visit Tiananmen Square where a sign reads: "On this site, in 1989, nothing happened" - a nod to censorship of the deadly crackdown on protesters there that year. It comes as authorities in Hong Kong clamp down on the entertainment industry, banning films that violate a strict national security law.ĭisney has not commented on the missing episode. An episode of The Simpsons that refers to the Tiananmen Square massacre is reported to be missing from Disney's streaming service in Hong Kong.Ĭustomers noticed that episode 12 of season 16 is missing from Disney +, which launched in the city this month.